ESSAY: Kinds of Psychological Disorders and Treatment Methods

BY:

Tata and Nadya 

Kinds of Psychological Disorders and Treatment Methods

Psychological disorder is the second leading cause of disability, after heart disease. When it comes for navigating personal relationships, it is our advantage to be sensitive of mental health issues. Our mental health, as well as the mental health of those we love, is crucial to the successful interaction. According to National Institute of Mental Health, around one from four adults in the United States is diagnosed for one or more psychological disorder in certain year. It is not easy to determine what it a psychological disorder is. The DSM-IV explains, "…the concept of mental disorder (like many other concepts in medicine and science) lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations." Psychologists define a psychological disorder broadly as a psychological dysfunction in an individual that is associated with distress or impairment and a reaction that is not cultural expected. Psychological dysfunction refers to the cessation of purposeful functioning of cognition, emotions, or behavior. The kinds of psychological disorders are anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders.

Every life is a mixture of positive and negative emotions. However many people experience excessive levels of the kinds of negative emotions that is we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety. Ten to fifteen million Americans experience such uncomfortable and disruptive levels of anxiety that they are said to have anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders take a variety of different forms that include Phobias (divided into simple phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia), Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Anxiety is a complex phenomenon having biological, psychological, and environmental causes. Within the vulnerability-stress model presented earlier, any of these factors can create predispositions to respond to stressors with an anxiety disorder (Beidel et al., 2007; Velotis, 2006). There is a woman who suffered Anxiety Disorders, Jessica May, but she was able to become a Successful Entrepreneur Originator of Specialized Companies with Disabilities, and she received an award from the Australian Government (News of Liputan6).

Another set of emotion-based disorders is mood disorders, which includes Depression (can occur alone or a condition known as major depression) and Mania/Bipolar (excessive excitement). Depression is more than just feeling “down.” It is a serious illness caused by changes in brain chemistry. The World Health Organization characterizes depression as one of the most disabling disorders in the world, affecting roughly one in five women and one in ten men at some point in their lifetime. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a mental illness that brings severe high and low moods and changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. People who have bipolar disorder can have periods in which they feel overly happy and energized and other periods of feeling very sad, hopeless, and sluggish. Together with anxiety disorders, mood disorders are the most frequently experienced psychological disorders. There is high comorbidity (co-occurrence) involving anxiety and mood disorders. About half of all depressed people also experience an anxiety disorder. In the case of anxiety disorders, the mood disorders are a product of interacting biological, psychological, and environmental factors. There is a well-known figure who was also suffering from mood disorders, such as Jason Mraz suffering from Major Depression and Demi Lovato suffering from Bipolar Disorder.

Schizophrenia is a disease which causes the sufferer to believe something that actually never happened and hallucinations. Schizophrenia includes severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion, and behavior (Herz & Marder, 2002).  Schizophrenia can affect emotions in a number of ways. Many people with schizophrenia have blunted affect, manifesting less sadness, joy, and anger than most people. Others have flat affect, showing almost no emotions at all. Their voices are monotonous, their faces impassive. There are four major subtypes of schizophrenia: Paranoid schizophrenia, Disorganized schizophrenia, Catatonic schizophrenia, and Undifferentiated schizophrenia. The cause of schizophrenia is not yet known, and research into it is happening all the time. But it is generally agreed that schizophrenia is caused by a combination of factors rather than a single one. Possible causes of schizophrenia are stressful life events, cannabis and other recreational drugs, and chemicals in the brain. Some studies suggest that physical differences in the brain, or injury to the brain, may be linked to schizophrenia.Other physical causes have also been suggested. Treatments that are recommended for schizophrenia include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), medication, family intervention, and arts therapies. Examples of people who have a schizophrenia is Eduard Einstein, son of famous physicist Albert Einstein. As quoted from page webcache.googleusercontent.com, Eduard was extremely intelligent and a successful student throughout his education. During his youth Eduard wanted to be a psychoanalyst but was began showing signs of schizophrenia by the age of 20. This led to him to be institutionalized several times. He died in an asylum at age 55 and his family lineage has been used to raise public awareness of schizophrenia.

The next is personality disorder. Personality disorders are a type of mental health problem where your attitudes, beliefs and behaviours cause you longstanding problems in your life. Your experience of personality disorder is unique to you. However, you may often experience difficulties in how you think about yourself and others. You may find it difficult to change these unwanted patterns. When they encounter situations in which their typical behavior patterns do not work, they are likely to intensify their inappropriate ways of coping, their emotional controls may break down, and unresolved conflicts tend to reemerge (Lenzenweger & Clarkin, 2005; Millon et al., 2004). Among the personality disorders, the most destructive to society is the antisocial personality disorder (Livesley, 2003). A second personality disorder that is attracting a great deal of current attention is the borderline personality disorder. What causes personality disorder? Most researchers think that a complex mix of factors is involved, such as: the environment people grow up in, early childhood and teenage experiences, genetic factors. There are a range of treatments that can help you if you experience a personality disorder: talking treatments, medication, having a say in your treatment. Examples of people who have a personality disorder is Angelina Jolie. As quoted from page www.healthyplace.com, Jolie voluntarily checked herself into a treatment facility in the late 1990s, claiming she had experienced both suicidal and homicidal thoughts. Although she had no intention of acting on these thoughts, she realized that she needed help. She was diagnosed with "presumptive borderline personality disorder".

According to the explanation above, there are many types of psychological disorders. include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. The disorder can be caused by many factors, such as biological factors, psychological factors, environmental factors, and socio-cultural factors.The impact of psychological disorders can inhibit the function of the daily life of the person concerned, for example, problems with relationships, can not work, physical health problems, and so on. Thus, there should be treatment of people with mental disorders. Medications, Psychotherapy, Talk therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, are often considered the benchmark therapy treatment for individuals living with mood and anxiety disorders. Dietary and Lifestyle changes, including improvements in sleeping and eating habits, physical activity and stress reduction have also proven very helpful in managing symptoms.

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