BY:
Tata and Nadya
Kinds of
Psychological Disorders and Treatment Methods
Psychological disorder is the second leading cause of
disability, after heart disease. When it comes for navigating personal
relationships, it is our advantage to be sensitive of mental health issues. Our
mental health, as well as the mental health of those we love, is crucial to the
successful interaction. According to National Institute of Mental Health,
around one from four adults in the United States is diagnosed for one or more
psychological disorder in certain year. It is not easy to determine what it a
psychological disorder is. The DSM-IV explains, "…the concept of mental
disorder (like many other concepts in medicine and science) lacks a consistent
operational definition that covers all situations." Psychologists define a
psychological disorder broadly as a psychological dysfunction in an individual
that is associated with distress or impairment and a reaction that is not
cultural expected. Psychological dysfunction refers to the cessation of
purposeful functioning of cognition, emotions, or behavior. The kinds of
psychological disorders are anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia,
and personality disorders.
Every life is a mixture of positive and negative emotions.
However many people experience excessive levels of the kinds of negative
emotions that is we identify as being nervous, tense, worried, scared, and
anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety. Ten to fifteen million Americans experience
such uncomfortable and disruptive levels of anxiety that they are said to have
anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders take a variety of different forms that
include Phobias (divided into simple phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia),
Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders, and
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Anxiety is a complex phenomenon having
biological, psychological, and environmental causes. Within the
vulnerability-stress model presented earlier, any of these factors can create
predispositions to respond to stressors with an anxiety
disorder (Beidel et al., 2007; Velotis, 2006). There is a woman who suffered
Anxiety Disorders, Jessica May, but she was able to become a Successful
Entrepreneur Originator of Specialized Companies with Disabilities, and she
received an award from the Australian Government (News of Liputan6).
Another set of emotion-based disorders is mood disorders,
which includes Depression (can occur alone or a condition known as major depression)
and Mania/Bipolar (excessive excitement). Depression is more than just feeling
“down.” It is a serious illness caused by changes in brain chemistry. The World
Health Organization characterizes depression as one of the most disabling
disorders in the world, affecting roughly one in five women and one in ten men
at some point in their lifetime. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic
depression, is a mental illness that brings severe high and low moods and
changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. People who have bipolar
disorder can have periods in which they feel overly happy and energized and
other periods of feeling very sad, hopeless, and sluggish. Together with
anxiety disorders, mood disorders are the most frequently experienced psychological
disorders. There is high comorbidity (co-occurrence) involving anxiety and mood
disorders. About half of all depressed people also experience an anxiety
disorder. In the case of anxiety disorders, the mood disorders are a product of
interacting biological, psychological, and environmental factors. There is a
well-known figure who was also suffering from mood disorders, such as Jason
Mraz suffering from Major Depression and Demi Lovato suffering from Bipolar
Disorder.
Schizophrenia is a disease which causes the sufferer to
believe something that actually never happened and hallucinations.
Schizophrenia includes severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception,
emotion, and behavior (Herz & Marder, 2002). Schizophrenia can affect emotions in a number
of ways. Many people with schizophrenia have blunted affect, manifesting less
sadness, joy, and anger than most people. Others have flat affect, showing
almost no emotions at all. Their voices are monotonous, their faces impassive.
There are four major subtypes of schizophrenia: Paranoid schizophrenia,
Disorganized schizophrenia, Catatonic schizophrenia, and Undifferentiated
schizophrenia. The cause of schizophrenia is not yet known, and research into
it is happening all the time. But it is generally agreed that schizophrenia is
caused by a combination of factors rather than a single one. Possible causes of
schizophrenia are stressful life events, cannabis and other recreational drugs,
and chemicals in the brain. Some studies suggest that physical differences in
the brain, or injury to the brain, may be linked to schizophrenia.Other
physical causes have also been suggested. Treatments that are recommended for
schizophrenia include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), medication, family
intervention, and arts therapies. Examples of people who have a schizophrenia
is Eduard Einstein, son of famous physicist Albert Einstein. As quoted from
page webcache.googleusercontent.com,
Eduard was extremely intelligent and a successful student throughout his
education. During his youth Eduard wanted to be a psychoanalyst but was began
showing signs of schizophrenia by the age of 20. This led to him to be
institutionalized several times. He died in an asylum at age 55 and his family
lineage has been used to raise public awareness of schizophrenia.
The next is personality disorder. Personality disorders are a
type of mental health problem where your attitudes, beliefs and behaviours
cause you longstanding problems in your life. Your experience of personality
disorder is unique to you. However, you may often experience difficulties in
how you think about yourself and others. You may find it difficult to change
these unwanted patterns. When they encounter situations in which their typical
behavior patterns do not work, they are likely to intensify their inappropriate
ways of coping, their emotional controls may break down, and unresolved
conflicts tend to reemerge (Lenzenweger & Clarkin, 2005; Millon et al.,
2004). Among the personality disorders, the most destructive to society is the
antisocial personality disorder (Livesley, 2003). A second personality disorder
that is attracting a great deal of current attention is the borderline
personality disorder. What causes personality disorder? Most researchers think
that a complex mix of factors is involved, such as: the environment people grow up in, early childhood and teenage
experiences, genetic factors. There are a range of treatments that
can help you if you experience a personality disorder: talking treatments, medication, having a say in your treatment. Examples of people who have a
personality disorder is Angelina Jolie. As quoted from page www.healthyplace.com, Jolie voluntarily checked
herself into a treatment facility in the late 1990s, claiming she had
experienced both suicidal and homicidal thoughts. Although she had no intention
of acting on these thoughts, she realized that she needed help. She was
diagnosed with "presumptive borderline personality disorder".
According to the explanation above, there are many types of
psychological disorders. include anxiety disorders, mood disorders,
schizophrenia, and personality disorders. The disorder can be caused by many
factors, such as biological factors, psychological factors, environmental
factors, and socio-cultural factors.The impact of psychological disorders can
inhibit the function of the daily life of the person concerned, for example,
problems with relationships, can not work, physical health problems, and so on.
Thus, there should be treatment of people with mental disorders. Medications,
Psychotherapy, Talk therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, are often considered
the benchmark therapy treatment for individuals living with mood and anxiety
disorders. Dietary and Lifestyle changes, including improvements in sleeping
and eating habits, physical activity and stress reduction have also proven very
helpful in managing symptoms.
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